Main factors affecting nutrient and water use efficiencies in spring canola in North America: a review of literature and analysis

Improving nutrient and water use efficiencies by optimizing field management practices are important strategies to increase economic environmental sustainability of canola production in North America. The objective this study was review recent research publications quantitatively assess the impact on efficiency selected macronutrients [nitrogen (N) sulfur (S)] identify most effective cultural for improved efficiencies. results showed that, overall, addition N S inputs studies across America increased yield but had a negative nitrogen (NUE) (SUE) compared with corresponding controls. Split-applied spring can improve NUE, these improvements mostly dependent soil moisture content. SUE is when supplied complement application. Sulfate forms more readily available should be applied early season, whereas elemental must fall SUE. Maintenance adequate conditions during reproductive phase crop improves (WUE). Supplementary irrigation SUE, crops grown under rain-fed Maintaining tall stubble until then incorporating it WUE canola. In summary, our analyses suggest that further required integration genotypes management.